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How does Monte Carlo estimation work and its convergence rate?

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Answer

  • To estimate E[f(X)] where X has a known distribution: draw i.i.d. samples X1X_{1}, ..., XnX_{n}, average f(Xi)f(X_{i}).
  • By LLN, the average converges to the expectation.
  • Rate: O(1/√n) — SE  =  σf\operatorname{SE}\; = \;{\sigma}_{f} / √n, independent of dimension.
  • Great for high-dimensional integrals where deterministic quadrature is impossible (curse of dimensionality).
  • Variance-reduction tricks: importance sampling, control variates, antithetic variates.
  • MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) uses MC when direct sampling is hard.
Check yourself — multiple choice
  • O(1/n)
  • Average f(Xi)f(X_{i}) → E[f(X)] by LLN; convergence O(1/√n), dimension-independent — key advantage over quadrature
  • Only for discrete
  • O(1)

Monte Carlo: O(1/√n) convergence, dimension-independent — beats quadrature in high-d.

#probability#estimation#monte-carlo

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